The failed sedation cascade
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Sedation, analgesia & anxiolysis: why characterising drug properties matters
Most of the drugs we reach for in veterinary anaesthesia do not do just one thing. They produce a mix of effects - There are four properties worth understanding clearly: sedation, anxiolysis, analgesia, and dysphoria/disinhibition potential.
The pathophysiology of brachycephalic conformation
The Clinical Relevance of CO₂
Physiology The Clinical Relevance of CO₂ Why a colourless, odourless byproduct of metabolism sits at the very centre of everything we do under anaesthesia. Foundation module Dogs & cats Before we start Where does carbon dioxide actually come from? Where CO₂ comes from Most people say the blood. Push a
Managing reflux and regurgitation during anaesthesia
Clinical Module Managing Gastro-oesophageal Reflux During Anaesthesia Gastro-oesophageal reflux is one of the most consequential complications we can encounter under anaesthesia — and one of the most preventable. This module builds understanding from the ground up: what reflux is, why it happens, how to reduce the risk, and what to do